The Benefits of Cultural Diversity Management in a Hotel

The Benefits of Cultural Diversity Management in a Hotel Different cultures have varyingt perspectives. Some perspectives and attributes can affect the operations and performances of an organization. For example, some cultural practices and attributes can dictate what to do and what not to do. Companies should focus on managing this diversity in people for the betterment of giving a good value to the operations of the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Cultural Diversity Management in a Hotel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Anca and Vazquez (2007, p. 13), companies should focus on identifying dominant as well as rising values in the people. These values should be enhanced for the betterment of maintaining cohesiveness. This cohesiveness in workplace is vital for organizational performance. Hospitality industry provides a perfect means of effective management of diversity in workplace. This is because this industry attracts employees from diverse backgrounds. This is as opposed to regional companies whose workplace staff is likely to be from one region. Hotels and restaurants are most visible in hospitality industries. The paper looks at ways and means of managing workplace diversity in an international hotel. There also some difficulties that are associated with management of workplace diversity, especially diversity based in culture. There exist a number of benefits accrued out of management of workplace diversity. This paper discusses a number of benefits that are attached to management of workplace cultural diversity in a hotel. Management of this diversity can optimize user experience. It is possible to facilitate exchanges of cultures among people in an organization. Management of this diversity can help in identifying as well as removing barriers associated with equal opportunities. Workplace diversity can enhance team performance and operations of the organization when it is managed well. It can encourage th e employees to enhance their talents and provide an opportunity for managers to retain the talents. Holden (2002, p. 95) writes that management of cultural diversity in workplace is the same as managing innovative knowledge. People in the organization have different talents, the same way they have different cultural perspectives. Management of talent ensures that performance of organizational operations is enhanced. In countries such as China, cultural influences on performance are huge (Holden, 2002, p. 158).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are some means of managing this workplace diversity in the organization. Phillip (2006, p. 36) lists some of means as enhancing a psychological contract, enhancing personal motivations, giving referrals to the employees and building employment relationships plus confidence in employees. This paper specifically analyzes ma nagement of recruitments and utilizations of people and personnel from different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. A typical international hotel has people from the whole world visiting and spending some nights in it. For this therefore, the kind of employees in the organization to serve these people must be well trained. They must be thinking on the same line so as not to cause confusion on the visitors. The cultures of these people must be enhanced and given an organizational outlook. This is where cultures belonging to the employees are directed to have similarity with organizational policy. There are however various difficulties that come with various practices of managing workplace diversity. Management of workplace diversity in an international hotel Diversity in cultures in a hotel is a major factor. According to Deresky (2002, p. 34), management of diversity in culture in an international hotel or restaurant provides a classic example of international human resource managemen t. The same way an organization can put measures of managing people from different countries is the same way an organization can manage people of varying cultural and religious backgrounds. Two most popular areas of management of diversity are in recruitments and utilizing people from different backgrounds. Recruitment as an area of management of diversity Recruitment in an organization is a way of adding human resource in the organization. It helps the company add to potentiality of performing in the competitive market. For an international hotel, recruitment is a way of adding human resource and knowledge in the company to manage visitors in the hotel/restaurant. Recruitment is critical and should be done with utmost care. The company has a choice to either put people of homogenous backgrounds or people of diverse cultural backgrounds. A well thought out recruitment process is capable of putting committed employees in the organization. Committed employees would put a working staff that is loyal to the management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Benefits of Cultural Diversity Management in a Hotel specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Healey (2002, p. 22), management of diversity is a crucial way of managing cohesiveness in an organization. This cohesiveness helps in removing some common barriers that come with organizational management. A workforce that does not operate from one front is capable of developing some conflicts. These conflicts can affect the performance of the organization. For an international hotel, group conflicts can alter how people and especially visitors value the organization. This cohesiveness and elimination of group conflicts can only be done if the recruitment process is fair and well balanced. Strategies of managing cultural diversity in recruitment for competitive advantage External recruitment for cultural diversity Price (2005, p. 570) qualifies exte rnal recruitment as the best form of recruitment in managing diversity. In a study involving 29 heads of departments in a health care provision center, use of external recruitment method was noted as the best. External recruitment is pitted against getting employees from relatives and friends of organizational employees. Price (2005, p. 570) notes that 21 of the participants supported this kind of recruitment on the basis that it will give fair representation in terms of cultural and religious diversity. Soliciting workforce amongst members of the workforce would mean that the kind of cultures in the employees would be increased. In a hospitality industry, getting people outside makes the organization have a pool of cultures. Competitive advantage comes when a pool of talents is brought into the organization through different cultures in the organization. Agency recruitment for cultural diversity Price (2005, p. 568) adds that external recruitment is largely carried out by agencies. The agencies carry out advertisements for available jobs and conduct interviews. Zanoni and Janssens (2007, p. 1386) write that agency recruitment is recognized as ideal form of recruitment. In study involving minority employees in the organization in terms of cultures, it was discovered that the use of agency recruitment goes for diversity in areas such as culture, religion and experience. This is opposed to using human resource department in the organization to get people. Such a case may prompt employing people who are favored by some people in the organization and so resulting to homogenous kind of organizational culture.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Utilization of personnel from different backgrounds Cox and Blake (1999, p. 53) write that there are some positive and negative issues that come with taking people from varying cultural backgrounds. However, it is recognized that utilizing people from varying cultural backgrounds is beneficial for enhancing balanced organizational performance (Cox and Blake, 1999, p. 53). It has become a trend in international management especially in considering people from different countries. Utilization of people from diverse cultural backgrounds is a way of management of competition in the company. This is because with diverse people, there are diverse talents (Cox and Blake, 1999, p. 45). The contemporary globalization trends, especially the business trends are making organizational managers turn to differences in cultural backgrounds in the organization. Utilizing people who come from different backgrounds is beneficial because it makes the organization have a fair image among its publics. We therell (2008, p. 46) adds on this and writes that an organization that is full of homogenous people in terms of cultural backgrounds maintains the status quo. However, an organization that utilizes people of different backgrounds is capable of improving in performances. This is because there would be multiple talents carried by people of different backgrounds. Strategies of utilizing people of diverse cultural backgrounds Selective training opportunities for competitive advantage Lau (2006, p. 300) uses the example of preferential trainings for parents in hospitals by use of cultural adaptations. Some training is more adapted to particular cultures than others. In a hospitality organization, some communities or cultures are more suited to some professions than others. Lau (2006, p. 300) notes that adaptability is not the same in various cultures. For example, there are some communities known for customer service while others are known for manual operations. This is good for gaining a competitive niche. Some people would be used for capturing the market in some ways or means while other communities would be used for other ways. However, all trainings should be evidences from parent training.† John Wiley publication, 13(4), 295-310. Philip, G. 1996. Managing workforce diversity a response to skill shortages? Journal of Health Manpower Management, 22 (6), 34 -37. Price, E. G. 2005, â€Å"The role of cultural diversity climate in recruitment, promotion, and retention of faculty in academic medicine.† Journal of general internal medicine, 20(7), 565-571. Umans, T. 2009. â€Å"Research angels on cultural diversity in top management teams.† Journal of problems and perspectives in management, 7(1), 90-101. Wetherell, M. 2008. Identity, Ethnicity, Diversity and Community Cohesion. Singapore: Sage Publications. Zanoni, P. Janssens, M. 2007. â€Å"Minority employees engaging with (diversity) management: An analysis of control, agency, and micro-em ancipation.† Journal of management studies, 44(8), 1371-1397.

Biography of Empress Theodora, Byzantine Feminist

Biography of Empress Theodora, Byzantine Feminist Empress Theodora (c. 497–June 28, 548), wife of Emperor  Justinian I, is regarded as the most powerful woman in  Byzantine  history. Because of her intelligence and political savvy, she was Justinian’s most trusted adviser and used her influence to promote religious and social policies in line with her interests. She significantly expanded the rights of women. Fast Facts: Empress Theodora Known For: Most Influential Woman in the Byzantine EraBorn: c. 497 on Cyprus or in SyriaFather: AcaciusDied: June 28, 548 in Constantinople, modern-day TurkeySpouse: Justinian I Early Life Little is known of her early years. According to the historian Procopius- whose historical work, according to one source, which resembles a tabloid newspaper but is the best available- her father Acacius was a bear keeper at the Hippodrome in Constantinople, a large stadium where chariot races and other events were staged, including bear-baiting. He died when she was 5. Her mother remarried and started Theodoras acting career. Theodora had two sisters, Comitona and Anastasia, and as a child she worked on stage as a mime with older sister Comitona before becoming a full-fledged actress, though in that day much of what was termed acting would later be euphemistically called adult entertainment. Offstage she was known for having numerous lovers and wild parties and for prostitution. She became the mistress of a wealthy man named Hecebolus, who for reasons unknown threw her out in roughly 521. She found religion, renounced her former lifestyle, and made a living as a wool spinner, returning to Constantinople in 522. Marriage When Justinian somehow met her, he was attracted by her beauty and intelligence and made her his mistress before marrying her in 525. Because of her disreputable background, special legislation was required to legalize such a marriage. (The independent record of this law being changed supports Procopius account of Theodoras lowly origins.) Justinians uncle and adoptive father, Emperor Justin I, died on August 1, 527, the date that Justinians reign is usually said to have begun, though modern scholars believe that he actually took over the government as early as 518. When Justinian took the throne, Theodora became the empress. Theodora exercised considerable influence, though she was never made co-regent. Because of her intelligence and unerring political sensibility, many believe that she, rather than Justinian, ruled Byzantium. Her name appears in nearly all the laws passed during that period, and she received foreign envoys and corresponded with foreign rulers, roles usually taken by the ruler. Nika Revolt Her influence in political affairs is illustrated by the Nika Revolt of January 532, which involved the Blues and the Greens, two Constantinople political factions that sponsored chariot races, animal contests, and stage plays in the Hippodrome and had attained substantial political power. The Blues and Greens had set aside their traditional rivalry to unite and oppose the government and establish a rival emperor. The revolt started on January 13, as the chariot races were to begin. Before the day was over, many public buildings were in flames.  Justinian had failed to head off the situation, and most of his advisers urged him to flee. Preparations were made, and a ship sat ready in the harbor to carry the emperor and empress to safety. At a meeting of the Imperial Council on January 18, Theodora sat listening to the men debating whether they should flee the city. Then, according to Robert Brownings Justinian  and  Theodora, she stood and addressed them: Whether or not a woman should give an example of courage to men is neither here nor there....I think that flight, even if it brings us to safety, is not in our interest. Every man born to see the light of day must die. But that one who has been emperor should become an exile I cannot bear.   She suggested that Justinian, his generals, and the other officials stay and save the empire. After she sat down, the men looked at each other and the generals began to discuss military plans. Belisarius, one of her husbands generals,  eventually herded the rebels into the Hippodrome, where they were slaughtered. Religion Theodora was a monophysite Christian, believing that Jesus Christs nature was purely divine, while her husband reflected orthodox Christianity, which holds that Jesus nature was both human and divine. Some commentators, including Procopius, allege that their differences were more pretense than a reality, presumably to keep the church from having too much power. She was known as a protector of members of the Monophysite faction when they were accused of heresy.  She supported the moderate Monophysite Severus and, when he was excommunicated and exiled- with Justinians approval- Theodora helped him to settle in Egypt. Another excommunicated monophysite, Anthimus, was still hiding in the womens quarters when Theodora died, 12 years after the excommunication order. She sometimes explicitly worked against her husbands support of Chalcedonian Christianity in the ongoing struggle for the predominance of each faction, especially at the edges of the empire. At the end of his life, Justinian was said to have moved significantly toward monophysitism, though he took no official action to promote it. Death and Legacy Theodora died in 548, possibly from cancer or  gangrene. Her death illustrated how important she was in Byzantine political life: Little significant legislation dates from the period between her death and 565 when Justinian died. Theodora had given birth to a daughter, either before she met Justinian or early in their marriage, but the girl didnt live long. No other children were born to the imperial couple. Through her relationship with her husband, who treated her as his intellectual partner, Theodora had a major impact on the political decisions of the empire. Justinian wrote that he had consulted Theodora when he promulgated a constitution that included reforms meant to end corruption by public officials. She is credited with influencing many other reforms, including expanding the rights of women in divorce and property ownership, prohibiting forced prostitution, giving mothers some guardianship rights over their children, and forbidding the killing of a wife who committed adultery. She closed brothels and created convents, where the ex-prostitutes could support themselves. Sources Browning, Robert. Justinian and Theodora. Gorgias Pr Llc, January 1, 2003.Garland, Lynda. Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204. 1st Edition, Routledge, January 8, 2011.Holmes, William Gordon. The Age of Justinian and Theodora, Vol. 1: A History of the Sixth Century. Paperback, Abridged edition, Forgotten Books, July 6, 2017.Procopius. The Secret History. Penguin Classics, Peter Sarris (Editor, Translator, Introduction), G. A. Williamson (Translator), Paperback, New Ed. / edition, December 18, 2007.Underhill, Clara. Theodora: The Courtesan of Constantinople. 1st Edition edition, Sears Publishing Company, Inc., 1932.Theodora: Byzantine Empress. Encyclopaedia Britannica.Theodora. Encyclopedia.com.

Iphone Software design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Iphone Software design - Essay Example This application would facilitate the youngster using Smartphone to select and edit the jackets colours; and would also be able to interact with the designers and participate in the discussions’ forum through an easy to use interface of the application. The potential users of the application are youth using Smartphone want a user friendly interface so that they can navigate through the application easily. The users of the application should be informed accordingly through the interface regarding what is going on in the application. The interface elements, contents, etc. of the application should be familiar to the users; consistent and appropriate standards should be applied to the interface, so that the users would recognise the elements rather than; they recall the elements. As the application will be running on top of the iOS and it is not as fast as the computer/laptops, therefore, the application should be simple with fewer graphics (Nielsen, 2005). The essential features of the application include: the user will be capable of searching the designs of the jackets through an easy to use interface of the application. The users will be able to create profile, login the application securely, read and add comments on the jacket designs (only members). The user will have options of viewing and changing the size and colours of the jackets as well. The desirable features of the application include: options of purchasing the jackets (secure transactions) through PayPal, credit card, etc., interaction with designers, enhancing the designing functionality to 3D view, the options of wearing the jackets on the original pictures of the users. The start-up navigation of the application would be similar with Google’s website navigation with advance search options of colours, designers, size, etc. The horizontal bar navigation would be available at the top of the application after logging into the application,

Reduced Budget Plan U2IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reduced Budget Plan U2IP - Research Paper Example Lean production philosophy has also been covered in the research paper. Comparison has been done between accounting principles in lean production with that of typical production. The project basically throws light on the cost perspectives in an organization. Managerial Accounting Vs Cost Accounting Managerial accounting encompasses cost accounting and covers a broader scope than cost accounting. Highlights on the differences between managerial accounting and cost accounting are enumerated below: Managerial accounting includes cost accounting as well as financial accounting whereas cost accounting includes cost information only for managerial use. Managerial accounting is carried out for decision-making whereas cost accounting is used for the purpose of ascertaining cost and cost control. Managerial accounting deals with qualitative as well as quantitative aspects whereas it deals with only quantitative aspects. Cost accounting involves working out cost per unit whereas managerial acc ounting includes further comparative analysis of figures and statements. Managerial accounting has a more future-oriented approach whereas cost accounting is historical in approach and makes projections based on historical data. Managerial accounting cannot be installed without a proper cost accounting system whereas cost accounting does not require management accounting for its installation. Lean Production Philosophy It is manufacturing technique to boost profitability and efficiency. It aimed at reducing the time lag between customer order and delivery by elimination of wastages in the production system. The companies in order to have a successful lean production system in place should practice if not all most of the technical requirements: Kaizen: Kai means continuous and Zen means improvement. It relates to continuous improvement in cost, design, quality and delivery. Kanban: It needs to be in place. Step change: To eliminate waste there is a need to make radical improvements o f an activity. Supplier base reduction: Attempts to reduce engagement with large number of suppliers. Cellular manufacturing: In order to reduce process, waiting and transport time it is essential to group closely all the facilities in place to produce a product. Total productive maintenance (TPM): It is aimed at improving consistency, capacity and reliability of machines. Five S and general visual management: Aimed at reducing inefficiency and clutter of any office or production system. Value and the seven wastes: The notion of value shouldn’t be ignored ever. Supplier development: Focus is on developing links with suppliers and working closely with them. Single minute exchange of dies (SMED): It is necessary to eliminate delays in change-over times on machines in order to improve work flows and reduce lead time. Single piece flow needs to be in operation: One complete product should flow through stages of operation at a time (Bhasin, 2004, pp. 57-58). Accounting Principles in Lean Production and Typical Production Lean production follows the same Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) as in typical production. Lean accounting enables value based pricing i.e. by value streams focussing on customer value whereas in typical accounting is cost based pricing. Both enable inventory valuation but lean accounting values inventory better and easier. Lean accounting enables value stream financial improvement and control to pursue perfection whereas

The Inequalities In UK Mental Health

The Inequalities In UK Mental Health Introduction and definitions: The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined the mental health as: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her communityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1). According to NHS website every year in the UK, more than 250,000 people are admitted to psychiatric hospitals and over 4,000 people commit suicide (2). Mental health inequality is a long standing problem that has been tackled for decades by epidemiologists, sociologists and health professionals. And because this problem has both strong social and medical aspect there is no unified approach to identification and resolution. From Sociologists viewpoint inequality with mental health is a problem that has two main explanations: people are poor because they have mentally illness that makes them unable to keep work probably (social selection), or they become mentally ill under the stress of being poor (social causation). However, in modern psychiatry other factors are believed to involve in the etiology such as genetic factors, diet, and hormonal disturbance which interact with personality disorders or emotional state to produce mental illness. The problem of inequality is not only about the present of a true mental illness but it is possible to expand the definition of mental health inequality to include everyday feelings which is considered by United Kingdom Department of Health to be a public health indicator: How people feel is not an elusive or abstract concept, but a significant public health indicator; as significant as rates of smoking, obesity and physical activity (3) The table below gives examples of those factors that promote or reduce opportunities for sound mental health (4): PROTECTIVE FACTORS INTERNAL EXTERNAL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Good physical health à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ High self esteem à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Learning ability à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Good conflict management à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ early and positive bonding and attachment experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ make relationships and ability to maintain or break them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ acceptance feeling à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ good communication skills à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Availability of the basic needs such as shelter and food, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ validation by the community à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ support from surrounding social network à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ present of role models à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ job security à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ good education level à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ feeling secure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ political stability VULNERABILITY FACTORS INTERNAL EXTERNAL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ congenital diseases or disability à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ low self-esteem or social status à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ sexuality problems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ relationships problems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ feeling of isolation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ institutionalisation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ lack of essential needs food , heat , housing .. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ loss and separation experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ violence or abuse experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ substance abuse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ psychiatric disorder runs in family à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ discrimination à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ unemployment peer pressure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ pressure from value systems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ poverty Table 1: factors that affect good mental health What is the evidence on mental health inequalities? Socio-economic status: Many Community-based epidemiological studies showed an inverse relationship between Socio-economic status and rates of schizophrenia. Saraceno found that the current prevalence (calculated up to one-year prevalence) of the schizophrenia among low-SES is higher than people of high-SES with a ratio of 3.4, and when calculated to lifetime prevalence it is 2.4à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (5), and in Britain, suicides rates among people from lower SES nearly double that of high-SES (6). There are five hypotheses to explain this relation (7)(8): 1: Economic stress. The mental illness is a speci?c outcome of the stress related to economic problems, such as unemployment, poverty, and housing unaffordability. 2: Family fragmentation. The inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation is a function of the fragmentation of family structure and lack of family supports. 3: Geographic drift. Individuals movement from communities of subsequent to their initial hospitalization leads to inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation (8). 4: Socioeconomic drift. Low employment rate related to initial hospitalization of lower SES communities. 5: Intergenerational drift. Can be explained as following à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation is a function of declines in community SES levels of hospitalized adolescents between their ?rst hospitalization and their most recent hospitalization after turning 18à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (8) Age: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In elderly: In a report for NIMHE (National Institute for Mental Health in England) (9 cited by 21) .the following point regarding mental health problems in elderly has been noticed: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The number of older people with symptoms of mental problems in the UK is about 3 millions. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10-15% of older people could be diagnosed by depression when applying the approved clinical criteria. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ About 5% of people aged over 65 and 20% over 80 are affected by dementia à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The economic cost of dementia in elderly is about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.3 billion per year , this is more than the cost for heart disease ,stroke, cancer combined à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the above numbers are expected to rise by a third in the next 15 years Mental health problems in elderly are more likely to go undiagnosed. Even where they are recognized, they are often poorly managed (10). The UK inquiry into mental health in later life (11) listed five factors that affect the mental health of elderly: relationships; contribution in meaningful activity; physical health (capacity to do everyday tasks); discrimination (by age or culture); and poverty. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in children : WHO states that the building an effective mental health policy for child and adolescent requires first deep understanding of mental health problems among children and adolescentsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(12) There is an evidence that levels of distress and dysfunction during childhood are considerably high between 11 per cent and 26 per cent, while the severe cases that require interventions are around 3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6 per cent of people under 16 years of age (13,14). Emotionally disturbed children are exposed to abuse or neglect in their family of origin, with estimates up to 65 per cent (15). Gender: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Women and Mental Health It is proved that mental health problems are more common among women than men with a higher incidence rates of depressive disorder than men (16). There are many factors to explain this, first: Socio-economic problems such as poor housing conditions and poverty cause greater stress and fear of future amongst women. lack of confidence and self-esteem may be the results of educational factors such negative school experiences , Living in unsafe neighborhoods cause stress and anxiety amongst women , another common problem is addiction on prescription medications (for depressive and sleeping disorders) leads to more stress and anxiety. (16). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men and Mental Health In today world Men tend to be more susceptible to mental health problems than ever before especially suicide, some possible reasons for this are (17): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men in general are less likely to discuss their feelings or problems or even to admit that they may have depression. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Comparing to women, fewer men look for help when having mental problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The impact of unemployment on men is deeper in general. Some mental disorders are more serious in men. For example suicide is considered to be a leading cause of mortality among young men age group(18). Suicide rate is especially high in poor communities for men from age group 10-24 comparing to the same age group in wealthy communities. It is known also that the onset of schizophrenia is earlier in men and the clinical outcomes are poorer (18). Risk groups for mental illness in men include (19): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Older men: many of them are less willing to benefit of provided health services because of the perception that these services are for older women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Divorced men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ because of the lack of support available from their families, and services directed to meet the needs of this group. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Male victims of domestic abuse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ especially boys in rural areas. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Gay and bisexual men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ few services are available to assist this group to deal with problems such as homophobic bullying and harassment. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sexual abuse victims, again insufficient support is provided for males of this group. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fathers à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ this is mainly due to stresses of parenthood combined with less support services when comparing to those available to mothers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mourning men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ With no or very few appropriate services specifically designed to men who have undergone bereavement. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men living in rural areas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ obviously due to difficulty in getting access to proper support services. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Offenders of young age group à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ less psychological services are available in juvenile justice centres in spite of the fact that there are high numbers of young Offenders who actually have mental health problems needed to be taken care of. Ethnic group: The à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Count me inà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ report by Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection ( 20) noted differences in admission rates among different ethnic groups for example that rates were lower in white British ,Chinese and Indian comparing to the national average , while in Bangladeshi and Pakistani group the rates were around the national average , the highest rates (more than three times higher than average) were found in minority black groups (African and Caribbean) and in Mixed groups (White/Black African or White/Black Caribbean). Employment Status and Mental Health It is well-known that getting a job is a protective factor regarding mental illness (21). But this is not always true. As Wilkinson (22) noted that jobs which are insecure or do not achieve the required level of satisfaction could have negative effects equal to that of unemployment. The main factors that cause this are (21): stress associated with fear of job loss, feeling of imbalance between effort and reward and inability to control job circumstances, stressful relationship with colleagues and bosses, cases of harassment or bullying. All this factors can lead ultimately to serious mental health illness. On the other hand, According to OSC Health Inequalities Review (23) people with a mental illness have five times lesser chance to get a job, and if they are already working they become more likely to be fired, financially this group has in general lesser income (twice times chance than the general population) and more likely to depend on invalidity benefits. It is noticed that among mental disorders psychotic illness has the worse impact on employment rates which decline in this group to only one in four. Geographic variation: Studies result on geographic variation of mental illness are inconsistent , for example Hollie (24) has concluded that regarding mental problems it is possible to see notable variation at the household level but this variations do not exist in postcode units , and there is no proven connection with geographical accessibility or quality of residential environment Hollie noticed also that in common mental illnesses the psychosocial environment has greater importance than the physical environmentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Another example comes from a recent Swedish study of 4.4 million adults found that with increasing levels of urbanisation; there was a notable rise in the incidence rates of psychosis and depression (25). Another study by Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution shows that people from densely populated areas had a 68-77% and 12-20% higher risk of developing any psychotic illness and depression respectively when compared to a control group in rural areas. Within urban areas the rates for psychoses map closely those for deprivation and the size of a city also matters; in London schizophrenia rates are about twice those in Bristol or Nottingham (26,27). Disability and Mental Health: Definition: According to Disability Discrimination Act (1995) (DDA) (28) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A person has a disability if he has a physical or mental impairment which has substantial and long-term adverse affect on his ability to carry out normal day to day activitiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In the light of this definition we can focus on mental health inequality of three groups of people (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People suffer socio-economic disadvantage caused by stigma and discrimination associated with their mental health problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with both physical disabilities and mental health problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with physical disabilities, whose experience discrimination and stigma because of their physical impairment and become mentally ill because of this experience. Disabled people are more likely to experience stress and emotional instability than those who are not disabled. a report by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland (29) had found that when surveyed 52% of disabled people had experienced high levels of stress in the last 12 months comparing to 34% of people who are not disabled , and when it comes to depression disabled women have a higher rate of depression than disabled men with 44% comparing to 34% Conclusion: Inequality in mental health is as important as any other form of health inequality, however the interaction between social and personal level in mental illness makes it more difficult to address different kinds of mental health Inequalities associated with it. Question 2: word count (2000) Tackling inequalities in mental health Introduction: Many researchers agree that mental illness could be considered one of the fundamental social and health determinants, and it is difficult to separate these both sides because in most cases social exclusion and social inequalities are both cause and consequence of mental disorders (30) Some studies refer particularly to two characteristics that distinguish mental illnesses when it comes to public health problems (30): first they are the recent high rates of incident and second is the early onset which affect much younger age group comparing to other health problems Mental health diseases have two distinct characteristics as a public health problem: first very high rates of prevalence; secondly : onset is usually at a much younger age than for other health problem , Mental health diseases effects all aspects of peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s lives : personal relationships, employment, income and educational performance. (31,32) Who is at risk for mental health problems? Defining risk groups enables policies makers to determine how to manage available resources to achieve better health equality. Furthermore, these groups are the main targets for health equality promotional programs. A review of recent evidences on mental health inequalities can help to define the large groups at risk (33): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People living in institutional settings: such as care homes or those in secure care or subject to detention. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People living in unhealthy settings and who may not be reached by traditional health care such as veterans or the homeless. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with physical and/or mental illness, people misusing drugs, people with alcohol problems, people who are victims of violence and abuse. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½children whose parents have problems with alcohol or with drugs, children whose parents have a mental illness and looked after and accommodated children, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People from groups who experience discrimination. Key policies: These policies can be long term policies focusing on deep change over a long period or short term seeking fast results such as health promotion. Long term aims: Inequalities in mental health are not only about equality of access, but also about the quality of access. In the year 2009 Mental Health Foundation has published a report on resilience and inequalities in mental health (Mental Health, Resilience and Inequalities) (30, 34) This report mentioned four points that should be consider as priorities: 1- Factors that support the life of the families mainly the Social, cultural and economic conditions: This can be done by reduce child poverty , parenting skills training and high quality preschool education , providing secure places for the children to play in particularly outdoors, and cooperation between the different governmental agencies to compact violence and sexual abuse. 2- Establishing an educational system that can effectively support children on both emotional and economical scale by: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Schools health promoting programs, involving teachers, pupils, parents and working with families to enhance the home learning environment (HLE). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Taking steps to encourage sport activities and social events beside academic performance. 3- Reduce unemployment and poverty levels to reduce their negative effect on mental health, and while this is not an easy goal but the steps that could be taken my include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Supporting efforts to improve pay, work conditions and job security. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Taking advantages of workplace based support by early detecting and caring of personal problems or psychiatric symptoms before developing into serious stages. . 4- Tackle economic and social problems, which cause the psychological distress. Such as housing/transport problems, isolation, debt, beside that art and leisure centres can help to reduce stress too. However, these strategies take a long time to be effective, that means the need for more rapid actions or short term aims. Short term aims: Mental health promotion: To build an effective strategy to promotion for health equality the following points should be achieved (30,35). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Comprehensive: promotion of mental Health is not only the responsibility of health services alone; other sectors of society should join that effort. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Based on evidence à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Responding to the needs of the local communities, and with the agreement of these communities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Under continuous assessment: The strategy should undergo critical evaluation and can be changes should be made when necessary. A good example of such strategy is the Mental health national evidence based standards which have been issued by The National Service Framework for Mental Health (36). The idea of these standards is to deal with mental health discrimination and compact social exclusion in patients with mental illness. And that can be achieved by promotion: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Increase the awareness about the importance of mental health in the society à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Take strong position against discrimination affecting individuals with mental illness, and promote the steps that make the social inclusion possible for them. Tackling inequalities for special risk groups: The Suicide prevention strategy: One of the best example is the strategy based on work by The NSPSE (National Suicide Prevention Strategy for England), the report was the result of literature review of suicide prevention programs around the world and has reached the following goals (38): 1. To identify and work on people with the highest suicidal risk. 2. To raise the awareness about mental well-being in the society . 3. To target common suicide methods and limits the possibility to get access to such methods if possible. 4. Work with the media for better coverage of suicidal behaviour and its dangers. 5. Support the research for better understanding of suicide and the possible way to reduce it. 6. To evaluate the steps taken to achieve lower rates of suicide. Women and Mental Health: Preventing: The results of UK-based survey (38 cited by 21) shows that mental health services for women: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Do not respond to special need of mental health in women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Can be unequal. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sometimes prove to be unsafe for women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ May not reflect to the gender effects on social inequalities, which present in deferent levels such as class and race. However, in their response to a survey conducted in England and Wales (38), women said that they services should: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Provide Sense of Security for them. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Encourage the feelings of independence and ability to make choices and control their life again. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Try to identify and deal with the real causes beyond the stress and the problems they face not only the symptoms of these problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ support motherhood by directly address this group problems, such as suitable accommodation, jobs opportunities, education. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Embrace their inner strength and potentials of recovery. These points are crucial to build a need-based action plan for better equality in health services. Men and Mental Health: Preventing: The Equal Minds conference workshop which had special focus on men and mental health listed some changes to the support services that make these services more related and directed to solve men mental health issues: (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the services should be designed especially for men and with easy access in mind , this include both the place and timing of the selected service , for example choosing places that men usually meet in , or including sport activities or introducing programs that run only by men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Holistic approach, works on the person as a whole, not just on mental health. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Early intervention to prevent anxieties and concerns build up, especially in stress and anger management. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Trust and confidence are vital to solve problems of identity and role which can cause a lot of stress and self-image problems in men. Ethnicity and Mental Health: Preventing: One of the main problems in this group is the accessibility to the mental health services due to many factors such as: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Linguistic communication. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stereotypic approach to their problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ignorance about the importance of mental health. Sashidharan in his report titled: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Inside Outsideà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (39 cited by 21) discussed the mental health services provided for black and minority ethnic groups in England and Wales. And he noticed that these services are different when comparing to services provided to the majority white population in some aspects: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are less likely to receive specialist mental care. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to undergo obligatory admission (there are differences exist between different ethnic groups and different age groups). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to be wrongly diagnosed. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to be treated with psychiatric drugs and Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), more than receiving talking therapies. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To have higher readmission rates and stay for longer in hospitals. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To be admitted to secure care/forensic environments. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Their social care and psychological needs are less likely to be addressee within the care planning process. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To have worse outcomes. A strategic approach in Ethnicity and Mental Health: In England and Wales a framework has been developed for action for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½delivering race equalityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in mental health (40 cited by 21) The framework introduces three points which are essential to reach the targets of better services and results in mental health problems in minority ethnic groups, these points are: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing high quality Information services. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To insure that the provided services are easy to access and can respond quickly to minority groupsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ needs. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Involve the community in the efforts toward better mental health. In other words any approach should take in consider both quality of health services and the already existing socio-economic inequalities that ethnic groups may face. Some suggested steps for this approach may include (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing interpretation and translation services beside mental health service to insure highest possible quality. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Adopting equalities practice in mental health services, that mean better understanding for cultural identity, the impact of racism, and culture differences in the ways people express of mental stress. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Researching better tools and assessment measures that can better assess patients from different backgrounds and ethnicities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring that services understand and respect spiritual requirements for different cultures. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring access equality to services that more culturally accepted including, counseling, psychotherapy and advocacy. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Addressing common problems of black and minority communities, such as housing, employment, welfare benefits, and child-care. Disability and Mental Health: people with disabilities may experience high levels of socio-economic disadvantage due to discrimination and stigma , this group need a special interest regarding mental health services , they are liable for what Rogers and Pilgrim (41) described :à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½inequalities created by service provisionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Mental health services for disable people should be customized to their needs, some recommendations for such services may include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Promotion for well-being, mental health, and living with disability. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Early intervention: for people who show symptoms for possible mental illness. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Personalised care based on individuals wishes and needs. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stigma: work for better social inclusion and try to deal with problems associated with stigma and discrimination associated with some disabilities. Elderly and mental health: In order to achieve better equality for this group, policy makers should insure better access to mental health services in the first place. In the year 2005 the Department of Health introduced a report titled à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Securing Better Mental Health for Older Adultsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (42) to launch a new program to enhance the levels of services provided for elderly suffering mental illnesses or problems, this report promoted for a new policy that depends on two important steps: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring equality in the provided mental services; that means that the availability of these services should depend on the actual need for it not on selective age groups. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The approach of these services should be Holistic and personalized to meet both mental and physical needs for older age group. Here, it is essential to emphasis the importance of specialist mental health service for older adults. Sexual Orientation and Mental Health: In this group health promotion plays a prominent role to address the mental problems associated with sexual orientation. PACE organization has published practice guidelines for mental health services working with lesbian, gay and bisexual people (43 cited by 21). The guidelines suggest that these services should especially designed to meet the needs of LGB people, examples of such services include particularly counseling and advocacy. In response to these guidelines and other studies about LGB such as (44 cited by 21). Mental health services for LGB people should: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Deal with the problems of heterosexism and homophobia that this group frequently faces. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Raise the community awareness about the problems that this group suffer especially social exclusion and discrimination. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The services directed to LGBT people should be able to interact effectively with this group à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½culturally competentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Preventing in Mental Health Problems: People with mental health problem are in need for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½resilience factorsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which may be the only way to heal from mental distress and to fight the stigma and discrimination they frequently face (21), we can name some of these factors such as confiding relationships, social networks, self-determination, financial security, however, support health services are essential for individual recovery and to achieve socially inclusive à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½accepting communitiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (45). Examples for these services can be found in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½report on Mental Health and Social Exclusionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which has been introduced by Social Exclusion Unit. The report included a 27-point Action Plan especially designed to deal with discrimination and stigma (21). In this action plan the health and social care services play an decisive role to fight the problem of social exclusion and provide the proper support for community and families, this support may include help to find better accommodation, and provide financial (46). Beyond this report, it is essential that policy makers be aware of connection between inequalities and mental health as a result and a cause, this will encourage more holistic approach that aim prevention at the long run. Conclusion: It is essential to put the different recommendations on mental health inequalities into everyday practice , for example a recent study by Glasgow Centre for Population Health found that policies are not driving practice for effective reduction in inequalities levels in mental health within primary care, and the primary care organization studied is not Contributive to tackle inequalities in mental health. (47). For that reason, it is the responsibility of government, health services and health professionals to put these strategies and plans into action to insure a better and healthier society.

California State Law Essay

What Bidders Edge did may be considered as an innovation in the emerging electronic commerce industry. Linking as what was specified in the article made thinks easier for bigger websites such as e-bay to be viewed in by a lot people. Summing up the intention of Bidders Edge, we could conclude that what the company did is to provide the buyer’s the best price possible for anything that they want to buy. In the process, Bidder’s Edge would obtain choices from various auction sites which consequently included e-bay. I believe that this one mattered to e-bay not entirely on the sense that Bidders Edge would trespass per se on e-bay servers but the latter would serve as a threat for e-bay in the future. Simply put, traditional trespass involves the manipulation, distribution, or access of private data or property without the approval of its owner. In this particular case, e-bay is a public domain with open access to everyone who has internet access. On the other hand, personal property means that anything that is movable as distinguished from real estate. In the case of e-bay and Bidders Edge, the latter did request fro legal access but was denied by the former. One thing where Bidders Edge made a wrong move was when they created proxy users in order to access e-bay servers thereby giving in legal grounds for e-bay to file a lawsuit under the provisions of California state laws on intellectual property infringements against Bidders Edge. Under California state laws, â€Å"Various things can be copyrighted: literature, drama, music, sound recordings, computer software, advertising copy, motion pictures, choreography, pantomimes, and architectural works†(Witkin, Witkin Legal Institute., & West Group., 2005). This gives e-bay the basis to file suit against anyone who intends unauthorized use of their servers. This is in contrast with the usual textbook definition that trespass to personal property may be altered if the medium may be proven as a public domain. Reference: Witkin, B. E., Witkin Legal Institute., & West Group. (2005). Summary of California law (10th ed.). San Francisco, CA: Witkin Legal Institute.      

Top Tips of Essay Samples about Green Marketing

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